Learning resources

Commerce Club 

Introduction 

Teaching is a science as well as art. Teaching commerce and making it interesting for students is a challenging job for commerce teacher. Commerce subject is related to all national/ international happening in economic, political, and social areas. So, it is very essential for a teacher to connect her /his teaching to practical life. It is equally essential for a teacher to provide learning experiences beyond the four walls of the school for achieving this, commerce club would be a great help.

The club is an organization where different activities take place to facilitate the actual teaching-learning process. It is something more beyond textbook teaching and normal classroom activities.

Each and every individual has got his own creativity, attitude, and interest which could be explored through the different activities. 

Commerce Club is more informal and it takes care of the various domains of learning. Club activities are more practical.  There is no assessment for club activities while club activities represent freedom of expression in classroom teaching represents conformity and repression.

The organisation of a club 

• Decide what kind of a club it will be - the people in the club have a common goal and share a common interest.
• Figure out where and when your club will meet - the activities should be organized once or twice in a week at a venue with timing mention by members.
• Being recruiting members for your club - selection of pupils for the post of president, vice president, Treasure, Secretary, Advertising team for the smooth activities of the club.
• Meeting has to be organized once or twice in a week
• The teacher discusses with the head of the institution describing the importance of commerce club in the modern age. We will be discussing the goals and purpose of the club.
• Decide the rules and procedures of the club. Members will be deciding the rules and procedures of the club i.e, communication procedure, discussion, various club activities, preparation of newsletter and magazine, etc. For the club, there should be an inspiring slogan.
• Keep moving forward. 

Activities

1. 1)  Dramatization, Roleplay/ Street play
   In this play, members can do the role play/street play on a few topics of commerce like OC subject for better clarity and in-depth knowledge. Some of the topics are responsibilities towards an employee, customers, investors, etc.
   2)  Teaching aids preparation
   Every person is unique and they have different talents. This club will help the students to prepare teaching aids like chart papers, cutouts, videos, PPT, etc. This will create interest among students and topic can be understood easily and they find the up to date knowledge in that topic.
   3)  Field visits, tour, etc.
   Commerce is a totally practical oriented subject. So, students should have practical knowledge through field visits, tours, etc. Students will come across the current scenario around the world. This may create more information among the students rather than in a textbook. 
   
   
   4)  Project work, Survey
   Project is very important aspects for the students. They should get the freedom to select the topic as well as teacher should give them those topics which may help them in the future. This will create interest among the students towards the subject.
   
   
   5)  Celebrations of days
   Students can celebrate different days in club-like World Consumer Right Day – 15^th March, National Technology Day – 11^th May, World Press Freedom Day – 3^rd May, Telecommunication Day – 17^th May, Labour Day – 1^st May, etc.
   
   
   6)  Talks, session by experts
   In this club, they can organize talks and sessions by experts in different fields. So, a student gets a deeper knowledge of the content as well as they will have a different angle of looking the same thing/ topic.
   
   
   7)  Seminars, workshop, conferences
   Students can take in seminars, conferences, and workshops on different topics. Their knowledge will extend with a different perspective of peoples who are presenting.  They will knowledge of other subjects and how can we connect with other subjects.
   
   
   8)  Display boards, bulletin boards 
   Every student should get a chance to display boards and bulletin board. So, that they will bring cutouts from magazines, newspaper, journals, etc. They will help in their up to date knowledge and what happening around the world. They can categories boards according to the topic.
   
   
   9)  Competitions
   Members, as well as students, can organize competitions for students like essay writing, speech, debate, etc. They will learn by themselves with their interest according to the topic and competitions. This may result in students will motive for further studies.
   
   
   10) Banking/ Cooperative stores.
   In this club, students can run the bank as well as cooperative stores. Students will get the real-life experiences of it. This may develop different skills like decision making, problem-solving, different values, etc.
   11) Discussion / paper reading
   12) Exhibitions/ fare
   Above are a few activities which can be conducted in commerce club.

Critical evaluation of the commerce textbook

Name of the book:  Organisation of Commerce and Management

Name of publisher: Secretary Maharashtra State Board of Secondary And Higher Secondary Education

Price of the book: Rs95

Pages: 152

The criteria are divided into two groups.  The first group reflects the qualitative aspects or academic aspect and the second group reflects the quantitative aspects or physical aspects.

Academic aspects

• Selection of the content
• The organisation of the content
• Presentation of the content
• Verbal communication
• Visual communication
• Assignment
• Prelims and back pages

Physical aspects

• Size and format of  the textbook
• Printing layout
• Durability
• Price

critical evaluation of the textbook are as follows

1 academic aspect

a  selection of the content

The content is relevant to the instructional objective of Commerce.  The content covers all the topics given in the syllabus. The content is adequate with respect to each topic in the textbook.  The content is authentic and accurate.  The content is not up to date.

For example:  in this book,  there Is a topic small business in that they had shown a percentage of small business sick units of March 2010.

The continuity and balance among the various topics covered in the book are maintained.  The selected topics are properly integrated from the proceeding to the succeeding class or stage. Considerable material drawn from practical life situation and day today of the community is included in the textbook.

For example: Before starting the chapter, they put the day to day situation and examples where a student can connect to real life.

2  Organization of  content

The subject matter is divided into proper chapters and units.  For example:  in this book,  internal trade include subtopic retailer wholesaler and types of and types of a retail trader and their differences between

The matter is properly divided into section and paragraph.  the approach followed in the test book is suitable to the needs of the students. It is sufficiently coherent and sequence in the organization of the subject matter.  The organization is not flexible enough to submit to change in accordance with the change in the International plan.

3 Presentation of content

The title of the chapter is appropriate but not attractive.  It can be attractive when it title has a different design for presentation.  The presentation is not motivating children for further studies.  there is no picture, flowchart of any topic in the test book.  The matter is not presented in a creative and interesting manner to sustain interest.  The presentation does not provide adequate coverage of the terminology relevant to the syllabus.  The presentation does not provide some suggestions and implications for adaptation of effective teaching method and instructional strategies by the classroom teacher.

4 Verbal communication

The vocabulary is not appropriate for the class level.  It is a very simple vocabulary that students one reading is enough to understand the concept.  The sentences simple and short.  the spelling of words is correct.  punctuations are done correctly.  The language is grammatically correct.  The technical term is used properly and suitable to explain wherever necessary.

5   visual communication

The illustration is correct and authentic.  The illustration is a purposeful and appropriate place in the test book.  The illustration is not advocated, proper in size and suitable captioned. The illustration is to supplement the text.  There are no varieties of illustration.  in a few topics, the illustrations are outdated and even in some, they don't give the illustration.  

6 Learning assignment  

The exercise is adequate to test the various purpose of life recapitulation, consolidation.  for example any chapter,  at the end where is the exercise which includes objective type question short and long answers.  The exercise covers significant content.  the project provides is helping in achieving the various purpose of teaching commerce.  The project is having a close resemblance to an actual life situation.  He exercises are promoting the spirit of inquiry and motivate the students for further studies.  This exercise is suitable for both the students that are gifted as well as a slow learner.  

7   prelims and back pages

The title page is giving the necessary information that is a suitable title, author’s name, publisher name, place of Publication and year of Publication, etc. The preferences are given an idea about the scope and the central theme of the book.  The table of content is giving correct bibliography is given correctly and according to the uniform system.  

8 Size of the book

The size is suitable from the viewpoint of the age group of students.  The size is suitable in relation to the volume of the books.

9  printing layout

The length of a line in such as can be conveniently read by the students.  The type size used for the chapter titles, subtitles, footnotes, exercise, etc.  is not suitable for the age group of the students.  The chapter titles should be little larger with the introduction of the chapter on the next page.  The left hand, right hand, top, and bottom margin is appropriate.  The margin is providing and aesthetics look to the pages of the books.  Spacing between the lines and the paragraph is not appropriate.

For example:  In some topic, there is no spacing between the points and the explanation of that point and vice versa.

FIELD VISIT

A visit to a place that is made by the students to learn about something. It is done in the natural setting.  It is total a practical approach.  It gives a better understanding of the students towards the concepts. It connects classroom life to practical life or real life. Commerce is totally based on practical life.  if a teacher cannot connect the topic with real life then it does not make any sense or it’s not sufficient lecture. The student develops interest by themselves in the field.

Definition

A visit ( as to a factory, farm or museum)  made (  as by student and teacher)  for purpose of first-hand observation.

A visit to a place that gives the student the chance to study something in an aerial environment,  rather than in a classroom or a laboratory.

Where a student can go for a visit

Bank,  export-import,  marketing,  cooperative society,  retailer shop,  different departments in banks,  Agro Industries,  consumer form,  Stock Exchange, etc.

Organisation of a visit

1. purpose of the visit
2. Finalizing of the place and venue
3. the safety of the students
4. instruction to the students
5. obtain appropriate prior approval

Or

Planning

The planning is the first step of organisation of a visit. It will include place,  permission,  date,  timings,  schedule,  background information,  objectives,  transport optional/ Arrangements,  student instruction related to trip,  divide the class into groups,  schedule of the day,  parents permission letter.

So while planning we have to take care of all the things which are listed above.

Implementation

Implementation is a second step of the field visit, where actual students are going for the trip.  So, the students already know what day will be doing,  they will talk to the people, they will find a function,  challenges, talk to the people,  documentation, etc.

Evaluation

Now we will discuss,  how was the trip, student experience,  report on the trip,  and also regarding the social values of the skills that developed during the trip. This can be done both in the class as well as in a report.

Importance of  field visit

The following are the importance of field visit

1. Develop  social skills

through field visit, students will develop social skills like communication, self-discipline
,  Team Spirit,  Corporation,  coordination, tolerance and understanding the diversity, etc.

2. Connecting practical experience to school or practical life

It will connect the classroom environment with the practical life of a student. It may help the students for better understanding of the concepts by connecting the topic to their real life.

3. making commerce subject more interesting

Through field visit,  we make the commerce subject more interesting by giving practical knowledge.

4. A better understanding of the concept or topic

There are few topics in the textbook which lead to practical knowledge.  So, that topic can be taught through a field visit. They get a better understanding of the topic.

5. All types of learners

Field visit hence all types of learners.  it is a process which includes every kind of learner.  this makes the field visit more meaningful and helpful for the students.

6. Supplement to the classroom teaching

A field visit is a supplement to the classroom teaching which gives practical experience to the students.  and there is a change in the teaching method where students learn by themselves or through visits.

7. Information of learning environment and hand on experience

In this visit, students learn in an interactive way by communicating with other person and with hand on activities done by them.

8. Apply the lesson in the Real world
9. Real world experience

Students will get real-world experiences related to the field there are going. They will know the challenges faced by them and what exactly the world needs from them which may improve them.

10. uncommon opportunities through innovation exploration and exposure.

Above are a few importance of field visit.

Example: bank visit

EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF BANK

Ø  To develop knowledge of various financial institutions, relevant to economics

Ø  To develop an understanding of the different activities, departmental coordination at the banking system

Ø  To develop an understanding of correlating the status of any economy and natural resources.

Ø  To promote an understanding of taking an intelligent decision in future [with respect to finance and resources], decision making, risk bearing,

Ø  To enhance the capacity building for self-generated employment.

Ø  It helps the students and the teachers to promote human resources.

Ø  Economists develop a comparative study of the economy of various nations & verify the defects in the Indian economy.

Use of technology in the teaching of commerce

Technology innovation is essential for human development. Technology is not inherently good or bad, the outcome depends on how it is used.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) involves innovations in microelectronics, computing (hardware or software), telecommunications, and optoelectronic microprocessors, semiconductors, fiber optics.

The following are the uses of technology

1. Source of knowledge

The knowledge will be up to date through technology and as well as we get information on other stream and subjects. We get the knowledge from surrounding i.e, practical knowledge. We get new examples for a different topic and try to connect the real life of the students. Newspaper is one of the sources from where we get knowledge of every field.

2. Learning beyond classroom

Teachers bring the world in the classroom through different technology like newspaper cutting, videos, examples, current scenario, etc.

3. Support material for teaching

This can be support material for a teacher to teach different topics likes audio-visual room, newspaper cutting, discussion and debates, assignments to students (session), projects, problem-based learning, flip classroom.

4. Making subject interesting

Teachers can change the attitude of the students towards the subject. A teacher can use the different technique to teach as per students as well as the topic.

5. Making learning meaningful

The learning will be meaningful only when students understand the topic or content taught by teacher otherwise the lecture does not make any sense. A teacher can do this with the help of technology.

6. Catering to all learner

Teachers include all the different kind of learner by using a different technique of teaching.

Above are some uses of technology.

The use of technology in the teaching of commerce.

Instructional material

The instructional material has been divided into Model, Specimen, PPT, and Mobile Learning.

Model

Models are three-dimensional visual aids which give the whole idea of the topic or the content. If a teacher wants to teach the topic like banks, industries, etc then she/he can take the students out to show these places, they will understand this topic better.

Advantages of model

• It can be used as an effective aid when it is difficult to bring a real object in the class.
• It makes teaching more effective and interesting ‘ learning becomes permanent.

Precautions

• It should be simple and comprehensible
• Is should be light and handy
• A model should be accurate

PowerPoint

PPT is a file extension for a presentation file format used by Microsoft PowerPoint, the popular presentation software commonly used for office and educational slide shows. All text images, sound, and video used in the presentation are contained in the PPT file. PPT files can be viewed by PowerPoint, PowerPoint Viewer or the Open Office software suite.

PowerPoint is regarded as the most useful, accessible way to create and present visual aids. Even other believes that it has its own mindset which forces presenters to spend counter fewer hours thinking in PowerPoint and developing slides.

Advantages

•    It is easy to create colorful, attractive designs using the standard template and themes.
•      It is easy to modify compared to other visual aids, suggest chart.
•      It is easy to drag and drop slides to reorder presentation.
•     It is easy to present and maintain eye contact with a large audience by simplifying advancing the slide with the keystroke, eliminating the needs of a handout to follow the message.
•      Engaging multiple learning styles
•      Increasing visual impact
•      Improving audience focus
•      Providing annotation and highlights
•      Analysing and synthesizing complexity
•      Enriching curriculum with interdisciplinary
•      Increasing spontaneous and  interactivity
•      Increasing wonders 

Disadvantages

• Speakers create slides so they have something to present rather than outline, organising and focusing on their message.
• The linear nature of PowerPoint slide force the presented to reduce Complex object to a set of bullet items which are too weak to support decision making or show the complexity of an issue,  basic equipment required to present.
• You will need to have the computer and the projection equipment in place to display the slides to the audience.

Effective use of PowerPoint

• Slide presentation software such as PowerPoint has become an in graded part of many instructional settings, particularly in large classes and in courses more geared toward information exchange then the skill development.
• PowerPoint can be Highly Effective tool to aid learning, if not used carefully, may instead if engage students and actually hinder learning.

Challenges

Although there are many potential benefits to PowerPoint, there are several issues that could create problems or disengagement.

1. Teachers centered

Student of only responds better when instructors have designed session for the greater classroom interaction, such as the use of student response clickers, designing PowerPoint to facilitate case studies, or use the slide as a replacement for paper worksheets.

2. Lack of feedback

PowerPoint pages tell you nothing about student learning.  design them to include opportunities for feedback( not simply asking if there are a question, but more actively quizzing your students). This often takes the form of a listing question, not information, on the slide themselves.

3. Student inactivity

Slideshows do little to model how students should interact with the material on their own. Include students activities or demonstration to overcome this, either before or after the slide show presentation.

4. Potentially reductive

PowerPoint was designed to promote a simple persuasive argument.  design to critical engagement, not just for exposure to a point.

5. Presentation graphic should be about learning not about presentation

6. PowerPoint presentation should help students organise their notes, not just be the notes.  this is particularly dangerous with student grew up accustomed to receiving  PowerPoint notes to study from.  some may require convincing that notes should be taken beyond what is already on the flights.

Mobile learning

The mobile learning can be applied to any learning activities that utilize a mobile device( defined hear a smartphone, tablet or cell phone),  from a simple text message to sophisticated augmented reality experience.  Mobile learning seeks to utilize the near of ubiquity and unique capabilities of a mobile device to make course materials available to students.

Mobile learning is not merely shrinking your course onto a phone, it's about creating opportunities for students to take it with them into the world.

• Content: Providing instructional material that students can access anywhere, or in a specific context ( like instructor commentary for a museum trip).
• Capture:  using mobile devices to capture images, videos, sounds, GPS coordinates, and Idea( as a note).
• Communicate:  being able to stay in touch with classmates anywhere or during specific field activities.
• Compute:  using devices to assist in calculating, language translating and other computational tasks.
• Combine:  using the previous for functions together in interesting ways, like augmented reality experiences that capture GPS location, orientation, and images and supply relevant content to the learner.

Advantages of  mobile learning

One can assess lesson, video clip, and audio library from anywhere, including public places and moving buses and trains.

• Interaction with fellow students and instructors will be a great help. It is an accepted fact that learning is made easier when information is shared and questions answer through a sort of combined study. This helps students to work together on assignment even while remaining at far-flung locations.
• Portability is a very big plus,  as a PDA is compact and very lightweight, and enable a student to take notes or enter all types of data directly into the device.
• there is a psychological factor; on the handheld device increases student motivation deepen the commitment to using and learning with them.  Further,  the present generation of students as a fascination with the and handhelds like  PDAs,  mobile phones and similar carry around devices.  the learning color and further and practice more.
• It is a fact that most and handle device are most affordable price than larger systems, and already a major percentage of the population owns them.
• Flexible hours of learning are indeed a great boom a student can access the system anytime 24/7 and from any location. What is more, teacher support can now be expected even outside classrooms and other learning environments.
• Each student can learn at his or her own pace -  some student may be slow learners. The student who picks up things fast need not waste time going repeatedly through a basic lesson
• Yet another blessing is a huge saving in the cost of learning materials and also commuting expenses.

Disadvantages of M learning

• There is the definite inconvenience of size, the student has to learn while hunched over the small screen of a mobile phone and PDA.
• there is no denying that the storage capacity of PDAs is Limited.
• Anyone who has a mobile gadget knows that the short battery life and frequent changes of battery are a great nuisance.
• Add to this the absence of common hardware platform; this makes it extremely difficult to develop content for use by all.
• This may become outdated quickly and the student has to keep combating obsolescence.
• There is limited wireless bandwidth and changes are that it may further decrease with a number of users even on the increases.
• In the M-learning venue, a student is incapable of printing, simply because it requires a network connection. This is obviously not feasible in a number of real-life situations.

As a society former we have come to rely on technology to help in everyday life. M learning is growing powerful, not just for education, but for business and personal use as well. As Technology grows and gets better, we’ll Discover more way in which we can use it.

USE OF ICT

The use of ICT in education is further divided into two main categories i,e. Internet and social networking.

 

Internet

Importance of Internet to education

The Internet has introduced an improvement in technology, communication, and online entertainment, but it is also incredibly useful for education purpose as well. teachers use the Internet to supplement their lessons and a number of prestigious universities have opened up the free online lecture in courses to everyone. it has even a lot of retired teachers to read and educate children in our country. widespread uses of the Internet has opened up as a substantial amount of knowledge to a much broader range of people than ever before.

Enhanced lessons

Teachers can make use of the Internet by giving students extra resources and material from the Internet, Search as interactive lessons in educational games. many colleges courses use a  ” hybrid “ models where many lessons are done online, requiring fever in class meetings. This saves a student from having to communicate to campus with there's heavy textbook every day. Test, home works collaboration with student and Research can all be done from any computer with Internet access. even for nonhybrid classes, the Internet is used as an addition to normal studies.  

Study and Research

The Internet contains a wealth of knowledge that is available instantly upon any research. because of this, the Internet has superseded libraries as a source for information gathering and research.  many teachers will now a student to visit a specific website to study from home, and online Encyclopaedia provides masses of knowledge on almost every topic imaginable. The varieties of sources allow students to pursue subjects in much greater detail rather than being limited to whatever the teachers send home.

Communication

It used to be that student that forgot homework former miss the letter I couldn't remember an assignment where out of love until talking face to face with the teacher or a  classmate. however, the Internet allows instantaneous connection of your classmates and teachers. improving communication between students and teachers allows teachers to assist students without having to stay after class.  it also allows for students to have greater efficiency when working on a project with their appears when everyone cannot attend or asking for classification when something is unclear.

Accessibility

A number of universities, such as Harvard, Yale, And Stanford former have opened it up free courses on a variety of subject that assessable to anyone for free. this typically come in the form of a lecture on videos, but some also have notes attached. this means there is easy access to plenty of free lectures without emptying your bank account to pay tuition.

Internet

• Information on almost every subject is imaginable.
• Powerful search engine.
• Ability to do research from your home Vernis research libraries
• Information at various levels of study. everything from scholarly articles to one's directed at children.
• Message board when people can discuss ideas on any topic. ability to get a wide range of opinion. people can find others that have a similar interest in whatever they are interested in.
• The Internet provider ability of emails. free mail services to anyone the country.
• A platform for products like SKYPE, which allow for holding a video conference with anyone in the world who also has access.
• Friendship and Love Connection have been made over the Internet by people involved in love/ passion over similar interest.
• Things such as Yahoo Answers and Other Side where kids can have really available help for homework.
• News, of all kinds, is available almost instantaneously.  come on that news from every conceivable viewpoint is also available

Disadvantages

• There is a lot of wrong information on the internet. Anyone can post anything, and much of it is garbage.
• There are protectors that hang out on the Internet waiting to get unsuspecting people in a dangerous situation.
• Some people are getting addicted to the Internet and thus causing problems with their interactions with friend and loved ones.
• Easy to waste a lot of time on the Internet. you can start surfing, and then realize for more time has passed the new realized. Internet and television together or added to the more sedentary lifestyle of people which further exacerbates the obesity problem.
• The Internet has lots of  Cheater sites. people can buy essays and pass them off as their own far more easily than they used to be able to do.
• There are lots of unscrupulous Businesses that have sprung up on the Internet to take advantage of people.
• Hackers can create viruses that can get into your personal computers and ruin valuable data.
• Hackers can use the Internet for identity theft.
• It can be quite depressing to be on the Internet and realize just now uneducated so many peoples have become in today's society.

Social networking

Educational benefits of social networking sites

Today, Technology provider lots of opportunity for education that can be assessed by everyone around the globe. the educational field has completely transformed even since the Internet and technology are included in the equation.

Due to the growth of social networking website, educators are looking for the potential for use in education, having the conscious that social networking site may have the ability to endorse both collaboration and active learning.

Thus,  the affirmative effect of social networking in education is perceptive. social networking sites not only as a student but also offer great opportunities for communication between administrators and teachers. using social networking sites teachers can able to improve the environment of their students in studies and education, improve Technology ability, provide a great sense of collaboration in the classroom and make good communication skills. the following are the popular social networking website that has effective educational benefits:

Edmodo

Edmodo is the largest social networking website used mainly for educational purposes. As per the survey, more than 13 million peoples are using the website effectively. Edmodo provides greater security for all its users. if an institution is using this website, then the institution will get a security code from this website. hence, the institute can share the code to the people whomever it wants to access the website. this is how the website provides greater security to users. Edmodo encourages other activities such as posting assignment, conducting surveys and sharing images and videos.

ACADMIA.EDU

Academia.edu is a science related website builder especially for scientists and their respective college students. As for the study, more than 1.9 million peoples are using the website all over the world. it is a platform mainly for academic researchers and aficionados to share search materials and research papers to other website users. using this website, the users can able to share the research papers with other users in the same field, have contact with experts in the field and get their help it and research. the website also shows the number of people access the paper and the reviews to the users to post the research papers.

COURSE CRACKER

Course cracker is a network that enables students, teachers, and parents to connect with each other resulting in the refinement to the learning process. the main objective of this website is to improve the educational experience of users by using the latest web application and web tools.

These websites allow the users to post their course material, quizzes, Assignments and other sources related to education and also give them permission to access the posted content.

Student circle network

Social circle network is one among the latest editors of the club of social networking sites, consists of different course material in the field Thanks, business, engineering, Computer, and Humanities. the website consists of nearly 10400 intellectual courses com targeting many students are the teachers.

The following are the most popular social networking website that promotes education:

Facebook

Facebook is a famous social networking site that has nearly a billion users all over the world. this website is considered to be the best website for promoting education. In this modern generation, you can find almost every student has an account on Facebook. the Facebook groups are formed for school and classes and does the websites allowed both the teachers and students to share the information, post query and answers, set reminders about the upcoming events, etc. the imminent Facebook groups that are available are Wiki educator, E-learning in developing and developed countries, Teaching critical thinking and active learning.

LINKEDIN

Linkedin is one of the largest websites created mainly for business relationships and networking. This website is used by nearly a million companies and professionals across the globe. Not the only LinkedIn educates its users, but also provides advantageous benefits to employers and job seekers. Like Facebook, LinkedIn also has so many groups for educators. These are the top 20 social networking websites that advance educations:

How social networking sites assist individual educators:

• Promotes creativity
• Enhances communication skills
• Develops collaboration and teamwork.
• Provides access to information.
• Increases awareness.
• Develops a social connection.

By using social networking sites, students get the following benefits:

• Improvements in communication skills
• Improvement of technology skills
• Increase in the exposure of diverse views
• Develop a positive image
• Increase the engagement of learning

By using social networking sites, teachers get the following benefits:

• Increase access to resources
• Collaborate with other staffs
• Exchange the information and lesson plans
• Reach parents who were not able to come to school
• Form a partnership with schools in different states and countries
• Get feedback about school and events
• Communicate with parent effectively

As it is easy to access and use social networking website from anywhere in the world and at any time, they have gained more popularity among people. moreover, social media sites provide a vast amount of information useful for educated and do make students learn dexterously discriminate between what information is useful for them and what is not. despite promoting education among students, social networking sites also help them for successful employment. students who enter into the workforce can able to use social networking site to network and thus find employment too.  thus,  social networking site not only plays a vital role in connecting people but also play an escalating role in education.

Pros and cons of social media in the classroom

There an ongoing debate about the role social media should play in education. advocate point out the benefits that social media provide for today's digital learning while criticizing all the Regulation and for removing social media from classrooms. finding a middle ground has become a challenge.

As an educational tool, social media and reaches the learning experience by allowing students and teachers to connect and interact in you, exciting ways. websites such as Facebook, Twitter LinkedIn provide a platform where users can dialogue com exchange ideas and find answers to the questions. These sites are designed for Foster collaboration and discussion.

Despite these benefits, critics argue that there are a serious risk of using social media in the classroom. what are this risk and 2 days over with the potential of opportunities?

Mass Media

Mass media is the mean used to communicate to the general public. Mass media technology that is intended to reach a mass audience. It is a primary means of communication used to reach the vast majority of the general public

Definition

A medium of communication (as newspaper, radio, or television) that is designed to reach the mass of the people.

Types of Mass Media

The following are the types of mass media :

1. Print Media
2. Audio Media
3. Visual media
4. Audio Visual Media
5. Electronic Media

The most common platforms for mass media are newspaper, magazines, radio, television and the internet. The general public typically relies on the mass media to provide information regarding political issues, social issues, entertainment and news in pop culture.

News Paper

A set of large sheets of paper that have news stories, information about local events, advertisements, etc., and that are folded together and sold every day or every week. A paper that is printed and distributed usually daily or weekly and that contains news, articles of opinion, features, and advertising.

Newspapers help in reducing the lag between the information contained in the book and changing development in the world. The special features, editorial advertisement enhance the knowledge of pupils of higher class. Labor problems, research, a new development in Industries of significant scientific progress are always of interest to students.

The newspaper Print media motivates students in knowing the past, in the light of present and the current events. Reading of newspaper is a correlation of knowledge, a study from known to unknown, familiar to unfamiliar and from easy to difficulty ( Correlation with life)

It supplements the knowledge required of the textbook. E.g. Barter System to the modern method of exchange.

Newspaper is a reservoir of educational resources and illustrations

Information on economic systems, industrial policies, the status of agriculture,  stock market, the value of the currency and so on may sensitize the pupils with up to date information.

Govt. Budget, Five-year plans, demand supply, utility, price mechanism, population status, pollution levels, developmental plans, Agriculture, industrialization.

It can be used for displaying interesting news, pictures, cartoons, stories. The display may contain the news of local interesting news of national and international phenomena. Special issues of a newspaper like a republic day issues, Sunday times, Times  Ascent, Education times enrich our knowledge.

How teacher will use newspaper in teaching

• Library period can be utilized for reading the newspaper.
• One period can be allotted for reading the newspaper and take the news related to the topic for Commerce
• Assignment method which can be followed by a discussion debate method.
• Display Board with the cut out of newspaper related to topics of commerce or change in the policy
• Commerce magazine
• Used it as support material for examples and illustration.
• It can be used as stimulating as problem-based learning or project learning method etc.

Advantages of newspaper

The following are the advantages of newspaper

• Economical (low cost )
• Portable
• Up to date information
• Easy to use
• Preservation is easy
• Teaching aids ( support material)
• Alternative  use
• Anytime Anywhere

Disadvantages of newspaper

The following are the disadvantages of newspaper

• Not so durable
• 2 dimensions
• Text-based
• Beyond the understanding of the capacity of students.
• Not applicable for all learner
• One way communication

Radio

Radio is the technology of using radio waves to carry information, such as Sound, by systematically modulating some proper property of electromagnetic energy waves transmitted through space.

Definition

The system process that is used for sending and receiving signals through the air without using wires.

The use of these base for the wireless transmission of electric impulses into which sound is converted.

In radio, there are many channels/stations and in these stations, they had news, debate, discussion, interviews, talks by experts for different topics, entrepreneurship, etc.

Advantages

The following are the advantages of radio:

• Easy of availability
• Easy to use
• Portable
• Economical
• Effective audio media
• Useful of rural area.
• Interesting and effective
• Useful for average and below average students (who doesn’t like to read)
• Carry anywhere
• Useful for illiterate people

Disadvantages

The following are the disadvantages of radio

• Not multisensory
• Signal problem
• Cannot use anytime
• Not applicable for all learner
• One way communication

Television

An electronic system of transmitting transient images of fixed or moving object together with sound over a wire or through space by apparatus that converts light and sound into electrical waves and reconverts them into visible light rays and accessible sound.

In television, there are many channels name as NDTV, Business news, AAJ TAK, etc.

Advantages

The following are the advantages of television

• Audiovisual aids
• Multisensory - sound, text
• Updated information
• Opportunities to learn from experts(Raghuram economists)
• Varieties of ways - information
• Learning become interesting
• Role learning is discharged

Disadvantages

The following are the disadvantages of television

• One way communication
• Suitable for some subject
• Suitable for a few students

Research Report

Economics is the study of how people choose to use resources including time and talent people have available, the land, buildings, equipment, and other tools on hand, and the knowledge of how to combine them to create useful products and services.

Economics further includes the study of labor, land, and investments, money, income, and production, and of taxes and government expenditures.

Economists seek to measure well-being, to learn how well-being may increase over time, and to evaluate the well-being of the rich and the poor.

Examples

Research on International Economics helps to understand study trade among nations and the flow of finance across international borders. Globalization and the deficit in the U.S. balance of payments with other countries which are current concerns.

( Cross Cultural financial analysis, Position of Indian economy in Global Scenario)

Research on Health, Education, and Welfare Economics focus on the markets and government policies that directly shape access to health care while others focus on schools and educational policies, economic circumstances of the poor and evaluate alternative government programs to improve the well-being of the poor.

(Government policy, Market economy, economic circumstances)

Research on Business Administration and Business Economics analyses Marketing, Accounting, Business economists study decisions made by firms.

The research report gives you information

The research report gives the following information

1. A research report in economics are based on all different aspects of commerce i.e,

• Global economy effectiveness, problems, growth of various international/ national organization (World Bank, IMF, IDBI, SBI RBI, etc).
• Economics of various country and their problems unique features etc.
• Various economical problem like population, inflation, population literacy, corruption, recession.
• Application of various theories
• Rural economy
• The various sector of the economy - banking, agriculture, real estate, service sector, steel, and textile industry

A reader can develop understanding or above mention aspects of the economy in real scenario deep inside is develop about a conceptual understanding of the above mention economics.

2. The research report is based on primary or secondary data. So the students understand the various problem of economic exists in reality in true sense. It actually helps the students to connect this theoretical knowledge in the classroom to reality. The research report includes statistical analysis and does systematically. It helps to inculcate analytical skill and scientific temper among students.

The research report also enables to inculcate problem-solving ability among students.

The research report is true Important source of knowledge for student as well as teachers. The research report includes a suggestion for a specific problem. It facilitates the application of theoretical knowledge.

3. A teacher can make use of Research report as a reference material or support material to make the economic subject interesting. it also helps us to make the teaching learning process more practical oriented.

Journal

Introduction/Meaning/Definition

Journal is a collection of articles, stories and write-ups published at regular intervals. Most journals include illustrations Unlike newspaper journals are more durable, provide a thoughtful analysis of current cultural, political economic and social events.

Journal includes conceptual papers, research papers, book reviews, policy renew, document analysis etc.

Examples: Indian economy and its effects, emerging Trends of retail trading, the potential of the Indian economy to become beneficial, the problem of cooperative banking

Beneficiaries

• Widens knowledge in commerce
• Helps to know the facts of economics/commerce.
• Keeps  abreast with latest happenings in the socio-economic environment
• Basic facts associated with the information in journals help in the enrichment of knowledge
• Reading habit is cultivated
• Quest of knowledge in economics is enhanced
• Specialized journals provide with articles, news, comments in economics gives vivid information
• It gives a conceptual clarity understanding and depth of knowledge.
• Connecting theoretical knowledge to practical knowledge.

Example:

Economic and Political weekly, Economic Review, University news, human scape, Down to Earth

Document

A document is a deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A document is a statement of intent and is implemented as a procedure or protocol. Documents are generally adopted by the Board of or senior governance body within an organization whereas procedures or protocols would be developed and adopted by senior executive officers.

The term may apply to government, private sector organizations, and groups, as well as individuals. In economics, Government policies like budget, five-year plans, Industrial resolutions  Document study may also refer to the process of making important organizational decisions,

Document Analysis

Meaning

Policy document analysis is the evaluation of a policy---such as finance, planning, evaluation or public relations---using a set of criteria that reflects different social, political and economic dimensions in order to determine the policy's value.

Criteria

In  document analysis, objectives must be clearly defined in an evaluative manner ( Five Year Plan, Budget)

It must answer what exactly is the problem to be solved or purpose to be met.

Gather information and data on this objective and identify possible alternatives. ( New Industrial policy document, LPG concept)

The evaluation further includes efficiency, equity, administrative ease, legality, and political acceptability. These criteria are weighed or measured for each policy option.

Professional development of commerce teacher

The role of the present day teacher has become a very challenging, Complex and multifaceted on account of the following reasons:

• There is an explosion of knowledge and radical changes occurred in the context area of all the disciplines- Humanities, science, and social science.
• The teacher has to keep in view the new concepts like individualized instruction, microteaching, programmed learning, teaching machines, and team teaching, etc.
• The teacher had to make the proper use of the mass media like the radio and television.
• The teacher has to handle many children who come from Better show economic growth and family background and at the time may be more informed then(the teacher who comes from lower socioeconomic strata).
• The teacher must take into account the explosion of expectations. a student from weaker sections of the society are coming in a large number to receive education and they have to be treated on equal footing and given due care.
• The attitude of the teacher to life to be dramatic secular and socialist; the ideas set forth in our constitution.
• The present teacher is supposed to have a broad view of the subject he or she teach. he can't afford to take his subject in isolation.
• A teacher must adequately family as himself or herself with concepts like work experience etc.
• The present teacher is expected to be updated and conscious of a various explosion-  explosion of knowledge, an explosion of the population explosion of frustration, the explosion of Expectations and explosion of Technology, etc.

Multifarious Roles of a Teacher

The following are some of the multifarious roles of a teacher.

1. Confident

A teacher is expected to win the confidence of the students so that they express their feelings freely if need be in private.

2. Democrat

He/she is expected to observe democratic values so as to prepare his/her students for a democratic way of life.

3. Equalizer

He/she should treat all students on the basis of equality. he or she should work for developing and egalitarian Outlook in students.

4. Facilitator of learning

He/she works for the promotion of significant learning in his or her students.

5. Friend and philosopher

He or she must perform the role of a friend and philosopher to his or her student.

6. Group leader

As a leader to the social group in the class, he or she must develop a suitable climate and cohesion.

7. The guidance counselor and helper

He or she provides an academic career and personal guidance to his or her student

8. Initiator

He or she is supposed to play the role of an initiator by exploring the new technology to the best advantage of the students and the progress of education.  he or she should play the role of an innovator of educational ideas, practices, and Systems.

9. Role model

He or she is envisaged to behave in a manner whereby traits exemplified by him or her may be emulated by his or student.

10. Detective

He or she acts as a detective to find out the shortcomings of the students- committing of offense and law-breaking tendencies also.

11. Judge

He or she evaluates the academy and other performance of the students in an impartial manner.

12. Limiter or reducer of anxiety

He or she can help students control their impulses and reduce anxiety about the conduct and performance in different problematic situations.

13. Moral educator

His or her important function is to inculcate attitudes and the moral values cherished by society in the students.

14. Parent surrogate( parent substitute)

He or she can play the role of Ideal parents by treating students with affection and care.

15. Rationalist

He or she should set an example of a rationalist by basing his or her action on reason.

16. Referee

He or she is expected to settle disputes among students in an objective manner.

17. Reformer

His or her entire work consists of bringing about appropriate changes in his or her student for their full development.

18. Resource person

He or she is expected to serve as a resource person for his student as he or she processes knowledge of the subject matter and still, better than his or her pupils.

19. Secularist

He or she should play the role of a secularist by having an open-minded on the belief of students.

20. Upholder of the norms and values

He or she must present the norms and the values of a society in a dignified manner.

Challenges faced by commerce teacher in teaching commerce.

There is a certain potential problem with teaching commerce and higher secondary level and beyond that. Scope, the currency of the material and bias whether political or social or both are the common problems that teachers confront when she/he trying to teach the students at any age/level. Teacher of general,  commerce courses also struggle to maintain an appropriate balance between teaching theory and practical.

The challenges faced by commerce teacher in teaching commerce are as follow:

• Scope

Commerce is a multidisciplinary subject. Its correlation is with a different subject, scientific development, economic development, etc.

• Up to date knowledge

A teacher has to keep up to date knowledge for each topic for varieties of examples and the student understands the concept very clearly, not only in our subject but also in other subjects.

• Theory v/s practical

Commerce is practical oriented. It should be taught in the reality of the world. It a teacher duty is to bring the world to the classroom through newspaper and magazine cutting.

It integrates the theoretical knowledge to practical knowledge through newspaper or magazine, tv radio, the source of update information with teaching, survey method, project method assignment, etc.

• Biasedness

Commerce subject is biasedness. No separate teacher for O.C and SP subjects. The teacher who teaches accountancy that only teaches O.C and SP subjects in other class and even no preferences are given to them.

• Lack of learner autonomy

Commerce is a Practical oriented subject. Each student is unique, we want to give freedom to students, regarding ideas, presentation, etc and everything should be done as per students/ learner-centered.

• Lack of access to the world of economic/ commerce concepts and ideas

All students have his/her previous knowledge. So based on previous knowledge. they perceive the knowledge of different concepts in accounting, O.C, and SP. A teacher should understand the previous knowledge of a student through questioning etc.

• Making commerce subject as an interesting

This a major problem of a teacher, how she/he will make the subject interesting for this teacher should take the initiative etc.

• Lack of importance to commerce

There are no commerce subjects like Accountancy, O.C, and SP up to 10th standard. Even no preference is given to commerce field after 12th standard/ junior college and degree college or graduate.

Professional development

A person should be developed in his or her profession. In today scenario of education, the field is that the demand and expectation of society, parents, and the government is increasing. Technology plays a better role in it, through new trends are emerging. The teacher has to accept the change, update his/her knowledge and competency to face challenges. So, the teacher has to develop professionally.

The need for professional development  

A profession is a need of every person, let's see some of the needs of the profession.

Lifelong learning

There is a continuous change in the education system. The approaches are changing from teacher Centre to student-centric.  A teacher has to develop skills, attitude and update his or her knowledge regarding the subject. Even the demand of the students are changing, the teacher has to use methods of teaching technique as per students.

To face the challenge

A teacher has to face the challenges like change in syllabus, needs of students, Technology, overpopulation classroom problem, problems of students learning styles, change in policy, etc.  A teacher should know how she or he can face the challenges.

To apply the innovative practice

The teacher should be aware of workshops, seminars, conferences, etc related to the subject matter for depth and broader concept.  So that teacher can experiment with the new technique and apply in the classroom and they understand the new concept in a new way.

Implement

Policies are implemented to attain a higher goal.

Effective learning

Effective learning takes place when he or she should have up to date knowledge, new and current examples of any topic,  day to day example or real life example, different activities like roleplay speech, etc.

All this may result in effective learning which may create interest in the students for the subject.

Above are the few needs of the profession.

Avenues ( ways of  attaining professional development)

There are different ways of attaining Professional development.  some of them are listed below:

• Orientation and refresher

Orientation is given before school or college start. It gives a brief introduction to any course. Refresher course has to attended repeatedly after certain years. It gives up to date information, develops skills which are required for a better teacher.

Example: ICAI,  peace, action research,   pedagogy.

Subject vice and syllabus vice orientation are conducted.

• Faculty training

Schools and colleges can arrange faculty development programs.  Seminars and conferences are organized to provide a platform. Through seminars, a teacher gets the different angle of looking at the Concept, ideas of any topic.  Group discussion, panel discussion, symposium all this helps in sharing the knowledge and the experience.

• Workshops

Workshops help to develop different skills.  so a teacher can develop different skills by attending the workshops of different topics which may reflect in his or her work.

Example:  setting question papers, using different techniques of teaching,  different methods,  unit plan, etc.

• Action research

Action research means to find a solution to a problem. A teacher in a class has to find a solution to the problem in a class or among the students.  Everything has to be planned before implementing or any action so that we come to know the circumstances and in a systematic manner.

• Academic writing

It is a writing of the article in the magazine for the newspaper and shows his or her creativity.

• Updating correspondences courses

The corresponding courses can help a teacher for more knowledge of the content delivering the content in a better way.  Even there are many courses which may help the teacher with the technology in his or her work or they can use in teaching too.

• Academic discussion

Academic discussion may help the teachers for bringing the knowledge related to education system like change in policy, change in syllabus, etc. Staffroom discussion may help the teacher for up to date knowledge and the ideas shared here. This can be done different modes like bog in ,re-blogging, e-journal, book review.

• Social networking

Teachers can use different social networking sites like WhatsApp, Facebook, linked, Gmail,  WhatsApp mini-courses,  hike,  quick topic and moocs, etc.

• School programs-

Participation in various programs of school/college may result in professional growth. Observing classroom teaching…by senior colleagues or guest teachers. Participating in the lively discussion, seminars, and workshops held in the institution for the improvement of commerce education. Seeking useful advice and help from the experienced teachers, head of the debt and subject experts for bringing improvement in own work.

• Visits

The commerce teacher can induce knowledge about different economics trends, problems, and systems to make visits to different commerce institutions. Even we can conduct a small survey with the help of students.

• Talks, to attend, talks and invite people
• Setting up organization/ commerce club or any other club /organisation
• Member of any organisation

Above are some of the ways of attaining continuous professional development.

Role of teacher in inculcating values-  Global citizen,  practical,  social,  cultural,  ethical and entrepreneurship.